工業(ye)低溫沾火-150度超(chao)低溫冰(bing)箱制冷的概念(nian)和分類
制冷(leng)(leng)是指(zhi)用(yong)人工的(de)方(fang)法在一定時間(jian)和一定空間(jian)內(nei)將(jiang)(jiang)物體冷(leng)(leng)卻,使其溫(wen)度降低到環(huan)境溫(wen)度以下(xia)(xia),并保持(chi)這(zhe)個溫(wen)度。照所獲(huo)得的(de)的(de)溫(wen)度,通常將(jiang)(jiang)制冷(leng)(leng)的(de)溫(wen)度范圍劃分為(wei)以下(xia)(xia)幾個領域:120K以上,普通制冷:120-20K深度制冷:20-0.3K低溫制冷;03K以下(xia),超低(di)(di)溫制冷。工業低(di)(di)溫沾火(huo)-150度超低溫冰(bing)箱的設計工況(kuang)一般(ban)是-75℃以(yi)下,從習(xi)慣上來講,我們稱其(qi)為-150度超低溫冰箱或者深冷機組。
制(zhi)會有兩種(zhong)(zhong)途徑,一種(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)然冷(leng)源,如(ru)夏季的(de)深(shen)井水和冬(dong)天(tian)(tian)貯下來(lai)的(de)天(tian)(tian)然永;一種(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)人工制(zhi)冷(leng),主要是(shi)(shi)利用(yong)制(zhi)冷(leng)劑在低(di)壓(ya)下的(de)汽(qi)化(hua)過(guo)程制(zhi)冷(leng),常(chang)用(yong)的(de)有四種(zhong)(zhong)方式(shi)(shi)(shi),即蒸汽(qi)壓(ya)縮(suo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)、吸(xi)收式(shi)(shi)(shi)、射式(shi)(shi)(shi)、吸(xi)附式(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)冷(leng)。前兩種(zhong)(zhong)在工業生產中應用(yong)較多,如(ru)気、氟(fu)利昂是(shi)(shi)壓(ya)縮(suo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)令(ling),臭化(hua)鋰是(shi)(shi)吸(xi)收式(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)冷(leng)。
-150度超(chao)低溫冰箱制(zhi)冷(leng)劑(ji)又稱制(zhi)冷(leng)工質(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)制(zhi)冷(leng)循(xun)環的工作介質(zhi)(zhi),利用制(zhi)冷(leng)的相変來傳遞熱(re)(re)里(li),既制(zhi)冷(leng)劑(ji)在(zai)蒸發器(qi)中(zhong)汽化(hua)時(shi)吸(xi)熱(re)(re),在(zai)冷(leng)凝器(qi)中(zhong)疑(yi)結時(shi)放熱(re)(re)。當前能用作制(zhi)冷(leng)劑(ji)的物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)有80多(duo)種。
熱(re)力學(xue)的要求
在(zai)大氣壓力(li)下(xia),制(zhi)冷剤的蒸發(fa)溫度(du)(沸點要(yao)(yao)低。這(zhe)是一個(ge)很重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的性(xing)能指標(biao)。不僅可(ke)以制取(qu)較(jiao)低的溫(wen)(wen)度(du),而且還可(ke)以在一定的蒸(zheng)發溫(wen)(wen)度(du)to下(xia),使(shi)其蒸發(fa)壓力Po高于大氣壓力。以避免空氣進入制冷(leng)系統,發生(sheng)泄漏時較(jiao)容(rong)易發現。
要求(qiu)制冷剤(ji)在常溫下的冷疑壓力Pc應盡里低(di)(di)些(xie),以免處于高(gao)壓(ya)下工(gong)作的壓(ya)縮機(ji)、冷(leng)(leng)疑(yi)器及排氣(qi)管(guan)道(dao)等設備的強度(du)要(yao)求(qiu)過高(gao)。并且,冷(leng)(leng)凝壓(ya)力過高(gao)也有導(dao)致制(zhi)冷(leng)(leng)劑(ji)(ji)向外滲漏的可能和引(yin)起消(xiao)耗功(gong)的增大(da)。制(zhi)冷(leng)(leng)劑(ji)(ji)的臨界溫(wen)(wen)度(du)要(yao)高(gao)些(xie)、冷(leng)(leng)耀(yao)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)要(yao)低(di)(di)些(xie)。臨界溫(wen)(wen)度(du)的高(gao)低(di)(di)確定了(le)制(zhi)冷(leng)(leng)劑(ji)(ji)在(zai)常溫(wen)(wen)或(huo)普通低(di)(di)溫(wen)(wen)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)內能否液化。固溫(wen)(wen)度(du)是制(zhi)冷(leng)(leng)劑(ji)(ji)使用(yong)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)的下眼,冷(leng)(leng)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)越低(di)(di)制(zhi)冷(leng)(leng)劑(ji)(ji)的適(shi)用(yong)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)前大(da)。